South Africa and the Korean War (1950-1953)

Adapted from:

https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/09/27/national/diplomacy/Heroes-from-afar-South-Africa-Korean-War/20200927152104132.html

http://www.southafrica-embassy.or.kr/eng/sankorea/korean_war.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Squadron_SAAF

South African Air Force F-51D Mustangs in Korea

Source:http://aircraftnut.blogspot.com

The Korean War broke out on 25 June 1950, when North Korean forces crossed the 38 th parallel and invaded South Korea. Calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities by an emergency session of the United Nations Security Council were ignored by North Korea and a resolution was subsequently adopted by the Council that “the members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area”.

As a founder member of the United Nations, the South African Government on 4 August 1950 announced the decision to support the UN appeal by placing a South African Air Force (SAAF) fighter squadron with ground personnel at the disposal of the UN. As members of the South African Permanent Force were only liable for service inside South Africa at the time, the service in Korea took place on a voluntary basis.

On 26 September 1950, 49 officers and 206 other ranks from the SAAF’s No. 2 Squadron, the so-called "Flying Cheetahs", left Durban for Yokohama in Japan prior to their deployment in Korea. Operating F-51D Mustangs and later F-86F Sabres and attached to the US Air Force’s 18 th Fighter Bomber Wing, 2 Squadron’s role consisted of flying ground attack and later also high-level interdiction missions.

At the end of the war, which was signaled by the signing of the cease-fire agreement at Panmunjeom on 27 July 1953, 2 Squadron had flown a total of 12 067 sorties during which 74 out of their 97 Mustangs and four out of their 22 Sabres were lost.

According to the UN Korean War Allied Association, a total number of 826 South Africans served during the War: 243 Air Force officers, 545 ground personnel and 38 army officers and men, the latter serving as part of the 1 st Commonwealth Division.

A total of 37 South Africans paid the ultimate price during the War. Of these, 11 are interred at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK) in Busan.

Following the war, South Africa - as one of the 16 United Nations Command (UNC) Sending States who contributed combat units to the UN forces - joined the United Nations Command (UNC), the United Nations Command Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) and the United Nations' Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK).

During the apartheid era, South Africa’s membership of these bodies was suspended.

In 2010, South Africa was reinstated as a member of the UNC and since then, the South African Embassy in Seoul participates fully in the activities of the UNC and UNCMAC.

2 Squadron SAAF

A South African Air Force North American F-86F Sabre from No. 2 Squadron at Tsuiki air base, Japan, in 1953

Source: National Museum of the U.S. Air Force photo 100608-F-1234S-027

The squadron was South Africa's contribution to the United Nations war effort during the Korean War from November 1950 to December 1953. 2 Squadron^[13] was attached to the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing U.S. Air Force for the duration of the war.^[14] Initially flying the P-51 Mustang, the squadron re-equipped with the F-86 Sabre in February 1953. During the war the squadron flew a total of 12,067 sorties, most being dangerous ground attack missions. 74 of the 94 Mustangs and 4 out of the 22 Sabres were lost, along with 33 pilots (14 killed in action, 11 missing in action, 8 pilots killed in accident).

For its actions, the squadron received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, United States Presidential Unit Citation, and numerous other awards and decorations.^[15]

Memorial plaque, Union Buildings

The Commanding Officer of the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, issued a directive at the end of the war that:

In memory of our gallant South African comrades, it is hereby established, as a new policy that at all Retreat Ceremonies held by this Wing, the playing of our National Anthem shall be preceded by playing the introductory bars of the South African National Anthem, 'Die Stem van Suid-Afrika'. All personnel of this Wing will render the same honours to this Anthem as our own.

Eleven Korean War SAAF casualties are buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery, Busan, South Korea.

After the Korean War 2 Squadron, based at Waterkloof AFB, was equipped with Canadair CL-13 Sabres. For a period the squadron was stationed at AFB Pietersburg.

The allied nation lost dozens of troops and scores of fighter jets

BY ESTHER CHUNG   [chung.juhee@joongang.co.kr]

Lt. Piet Visser had a bird’s-eye view of Korea in 1952, arriving from South Africa to a land he remembers as populated mainly by rice paddies and thatched-roof houses.

 

“I never did any fighting on the ground, I was always in the air on the Mustang aircraft,” Visser said in an Aug. 3 phone interview. “We would be given the ground position of either the tanks or the bridges that the North Koreans and Chinese were using [...] and we would be dispatched to destroy them, always in groups of fours, and never less than four at a time.”

 

Visser was one of 826 South Africans who served in the Korean War (1950-1953). They served as part of the No. 2 Squadron of the South African Air Force, assigned with the U.S. Air Force’s 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, flying a total of 12,067 sorties throughout the war, according to the South African Embassy in Korea.

No. 2 Squadron personnel at the K-46 advanced air base at Hoengsong, Gangwon, in 1952.
[SOUTH AFRICAN AIR FORCE MUSEUM/ SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

They provided much-needed relief for the United Nations forces on the ground, as was the case near the frontlines on May 4, 1951. “I’ll forever recall with minute detail the most spectacular feat I’ve ever lived to witness and tell about,” American Private First Class J.P. Megnin recalled in a June 23, 1951 letter addressed to the “Flying Cheetahs” — a nickname given to the South African Air Force's No. 2 Squadron. 

 

“We had gained the ridgeline of our objective, upon which we were catching all hell because of an overwhelming enemy counterattack,” he wrote. “The tide of battle was leaving casualties in its wake-like seashells cast upon a [beach's] sands [...] It was then we saw four silvery streaks plummet from the skies above with guns blazing.  

 

“It was so wondrous a sight we completely forgot our whereabouts or line and just stood up in our foxholes and cheered,” Megnin continued. “I’ll never forget the astonishment on the men’s faces, nor their remarks of ‘those c-r-a-z-y bastards,’ as those four mighty F-51’s barely cleared the tree-tops. Our carelessness of standing and cheering from our foxholes was offset by the fact that every enemy was turned to rout. To us it was a miracle and blessing from above.”

Lt. Piet Visser during his service in the Korean War (1950-1953).
He is one of only five surviving South African Korean War veterans.
[SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

Temporary Captain Jan. A. Joubert, who led the operation, later received the Distinguished Flying Cross from the U.S. president.

 

Many of the South African fighter pilots were already decorated soldiers from World War II. Of the 826 in the No. 2 Squadron, 243 were Air Force officers, 545 were Air Force ground personnel and 38 were Army officers and others.

 

“It is estimated that 177 of the 243 officers who served in Korea had WWII experience,” Zenani N. Dlamini, ambassador of South Africa to Korea, wrote in a Sept. 14 email. “The majority of first pilots sent to Korea were highly decorated WWII fighter pilots."

The pilots provided crucial support in holding back the Chinese and North Korean offensives as the war raged on, especially in the spring of 1952, according to the Korean Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs.  

 

“In his prologue to the publication titled ‘The Eternal Partnership: South Africa and Korea — A History of the Participation of the South African Forces in the Korean War,’ [...] then-ROK Minister of Patriots and Veterans Affairs Park Sung-choon wrote that the squadron proved its worth in the spring of 1952 when they successfully blocked the Chinese Communist Army's general offensive at Imjin and the Han River and contributed to the lifting of the Koreans' morale by mounting their air-interdiction operations successfully in the enemy's rear,” wrote Dlamini. “During this period the enemy were subjected to repeated air attacks, despite low clouds with rain and snow storms.”

 

But the South African forces paid a heavy price as well. They lost 36 South Africans — 34 pilots and two ground crew members — during the war. Part of it had to do with their aircraft.

 

“The South Africans suffered heavy losses in aircraft over the period 1951 to 1952 due to enemy groundfire [both antiaircraft and small arms fire] while flying the propeller-driven North American F-51 Mustang,” Dlamini said. “The enemy aircraft, the Russian MiG-15 jet aircraft, was far superior to the propeller-driven Mustang as it was faster and could operate at a much higher altitude.”

 

Beginning in November 1950, the South Africans flew on F-51 Mustangs, until January 1953 when they started receiving the North American F-86 Sabre jets, according to the embassy.   

South African Air Force ground crew in front of a Sabre.
[SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

The transformation, Visser said, was phenomenal.

 

“The entire 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing was equipped with the latest jet aircraft that was available at that stage, and it was very much a safer situation for us because when you fly the modern jet, you can get to […] 30,000 feet above ground, where the enemy cannot reach you so easily,” Visser said.  

 

And the pilots had another significant issue with the Mustangs, Visser recalled.

 

“The Mustang had one very dangerous problem,” he said. “It used glycol to cool the engine, so if they shot a small hole into the cooling system, you had about two minutes to bail out, because if you didn’t, your aircraft would catch alight.”

 

By the end of the war, 74 out of South Africa’s 97 Mustangs and four out of its 22 Sabres were lost, according to the embassy. Many of their pilots went missing when the planes were shot down.  

 

War stories rarely lend themselves to feel-good moments. But one event did lift the spirits of many South Africans near the end of the war.

 

“Second Lt. R. E. Gasson, a [No.] 2 Squadron pilot, [was on a] plane [when it] was shot down over enemy territory in January 1952,” Dlamini said.

 

His father, Fred Gasson, came to Korea in May 1952 upon hearing the news at his own expense. He waited for news every day, hoping to learn whether they had found his son’s remains or, better yet, that he was captured and alive.

 

“He returned to South Africa empty-handed seven months later,” Ambassador Dlamini said. “[But] Mr. Gasson and his wife never gave up hope that their son was still alive, hope that was proven correct five months later when it was announced in April 1953 that their son was to be repatriated together with other prisoners of war. You can just imagine their reunion when 2nd Lt. Gasson arrived back in South Africa in May 1953.”

A newspaper article details 2nd Lt. Gasson’s arrival in South Africa following his release from a POW camp in Korea.
[SOUTH AFRICAN AIR FORCE MUSEUM/ SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

Of the 36 South Africans who lost their lives during the war, 11 are buried in the United Nations Military Cemetery in Korea in Busan, according to the embassy. The remains of the 25 others have not yet been found.  

 

Their return is still hoped for at home, said Dirk Louw, president of the South African Korean War Veterans Association.

 

“During a monthly UN Command Ambassadors’ Roundtable meeting in 2019 [...] Director of the ROK Ministry of National Defense Agency for KIA Recovery and Identification [Makri] gave a presentation on the repatriation efforts undertaken to date,” Louw wrote in the association’s monthly newsletter in July.  

 

“He indicated that these efforts have so far resulted in over 9,000 sets of remains being unearthed since the recovery project started in 2000, with only 116 having been identified. He noted that Makri believes that some of the unidentified remains are not American or Korean, but from other sending states and therefore encouraged sending states to have families of those fallen soldiers who have not been accounted for yet to submit DNA samples which can be used to identify remains.”

 

The first batch of DNA samples have been collected and were submitted earlier this year for testing, Louw said.  

 

“Finding the remains of missing pilots will bring closure to those families who have lost a dear one in the war,” he added.

 

Louw is a retired South African colonel. When the war broke out in Korea, he was not yet born. But growing up, the country was a regular part of conversation in his household.  

 

“My father often made an effort to show us his Korean colored slides on an old projector,” Louw wrote in a Sept. 15 email interview. “The slide’s images were not very clear and he always had to enhance the slides with colorful explanations. He was very fond of the Korean people.”

 

Louw's father, Sergeant J.J.E. Louw, served in Korea from Sept. 4, 1952, to Nov. 12, 1953. He was one of the last South African Air Force members to leave Korea, the so-called “Bitter Einders.”

Sergeant J.J.E. Louw, second from left in second row in Korea in 1953. 

[SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

The Afrikaans Word ‘Bitters Einders’ means those that have endured to the end,” Louw said.  

 

Upon his return, Louw's father married Deleen Loubser in 1954. They had four sons, two of whom became career soldiers.

 

“As it is with young children, we did enjoy the slideshow but [never] really listened or understood his stories as this was something beyond our frame of reference at that time,” Dirk said. “The one thing that I could remember very clearly, was the effect that the fate of the orphans in Korea had on him. Every time he was talking about them he became very emotional and we did not understand why. Looking at the enhanced photographs I can understand.”

Korean orphans running along the fence of the K-55 air base, where South African forces were stationed,
in a photo taken by Sgt. Louw.
[SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

Dirk went on to serve in the South African Air Force, beginning in 1976. He retired in 2017.
 
“I did serve unknowingly with many of the Korean War veterans such as Lt. General Muller, Lt. General Earp, Brig. General Thom and many of the non-commissioned officers,” he said.  

Col. Dirk Louw, son of Sgt. Louw, left, and Chi Kap-chong, chairman of the United Nations Korean War Allies Association,
at the South African Air Force Memorial in Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, in November 2019.
[SOUTH AFRICAN KOREAN WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION]

Dirk and his wife saw Korea for themselves years after the war, as had his father and mother.

 

“My father and mother were fortunate to visit Korea with the South African contingent in 1993,” he said. “My father told us upon his return that it can only be described as a miracle what happened in Korea after all these years. There was no trace of devastation he witnessed during the War. He and my mother could not express their gratitude enough for the way they were treated in Korea. They said that the friendliness and that gratitude of the Korean people were overwhelming.”

 

South Africa  

A total of 826 South Africans served during the war, according to the UN Korean War Allies Association. Of them, 243 were Air Force officers, 545 were Air Force ground personnel and 38 were army officers and others. Altogether they made up the South African Air Force’s No. 2 Squadron, which served as part of the U.S. Air Force’s 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing. South Africa also deployed an Army and Medical Corps contingent, which served as part of the 1st Commonwealth Division.

A total of 36 South Africans (34 pilots and two ground crew members), made the ultimate sacrifice during the war. Among them, 11 are buried in the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea (Unmck) in Busan. The remains of the rest have not been found.